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Activity I

1. Earth   1.5  X  10⁸ / 5.8  X  10^⁷           =      2.6    meters
Saturn    1.4  X  10⁹ / 5.8  X  10^⁷            =    24.4   meters
2A. Sun  1.4  X  10⁶ km/5.8  X  10^⁷       =    24 mm
2B. Earth  12,700km/5.8  X  10^⁷             =    0.22 mm

4. 2  X  10^{^9}/4.6  X  10^⁹   =  X/365         X  =  158 days   or July 25

 Permian extinction   2.7  X  10⁸/4.6  X  10⁹  = X /365     X  =  21 days
 Or December 10.

 Dinosaurs appear   December 13,  Dinosaurs were extinct by Dec. 26
 Modern man appears about 11:32 PM on December 31.

4. A. The distance to the sun is 92,000,000 miles, the radius of a circle. The distance around the orbit of the earth is pi x D (3.14 x 92,000,000 x 2) = 5.7 X 10^8 miles. This is the distance (miles)the earth travels in one year(365 days). To find the miles per hour:

5.7 X 10^8 miles/365 days X day/24hrs = 65,994 miles/hr

4. B. The moon travels around the earth every 28 days. If the moon's orbit was circular the distance it travels in one revolution around the earth is pi (x) D, the diameter, 3.14 x (2) x 250,000 miles(radius to the moon). About 2336 mph.

Activity II

1. A. 340 miles

2. 8.24 Minutes

3. 11.5 hours

4. 66,960 years

Activity III

2. 1.7%  X  5.8 billion  =  96.7 million new people by next year

3. 1 year equals 8760 hours, --  96.7 million births/8760 hrs  =  11,039  births per hour.

Activity IV

1. The percent O equals (46%) and Si (30%) is almost the same as the percents in the earth.
6. Al,  Cd, Pb,  Hg, Se
7. Igneous rocks make up 100% of the Moon. There is no water or atmosphere on the moon to transport rock materials and create sedimentary rocks. The moon is covered with rock fragments created from meteor impacts with the moon.
 

Activity V

1. The soil refers to the mostly mineral material at the earth's surface, composed of sand, silt , clay, and some organic matter with the capacity to support plant life.

 A Soil is a specific individual soil with distinguishing horizons, colors,  textures formed from a parent material.

2. Time, Parent Material, Climate, Topography, and Living Organisms   (Biota)

Activity VI

1. Variations in the soil forming factors allow individual soils to be  distinguishable. (a soil series)

3. a.  None, the volcanic ash is a rock material

 b.  Aridisol c.  Mollisol  d.  Spodosol e.  Oxisol
 f.  Entisol  g.  Andisol  h. Histosol

4. Surface horizons and subsurface horizons

Activity VII

1. sand   2000 microns 2,000,000 nanometers
 silt      50 microns      50,000 nanometers
 clay          2 microns          2000 nanometers

2. a. 8.6 sec. b. 3.98 days  c.  80.9 days

Activity VIII

1.   1.29g/cm^3, 80.7 lbs/ft^3, 1290kg/m^3, 2178 lbs/yd^3

2.   111.07 lbs/ft³      2998.9 lbs/yd³

3. 42 loads out  and 36 loads in
4. A.  "X"   =  1.70       B.  X  =  1.86
6. There is a compacted layer (higher BD) below the surface that can  restrict root growth to the upper part of the soil.
                 Ws
7. Bd  =  ___
                  Vt

8. a. 1.39g/cm³    b.  6.4cm3      c.   48%

Activity IX

1. 33.3%  2.   Ww/Ww/Vw     Simplified form   Ww Vw
                        Ws/Ws/Vt                                      Ww
                                                                           _____________
                                                                                  Ws Vt
                                                                                  Vw  Ws
     Therefore %Mv =      Vw
                                         Vt

3. Ww                Ws               Ww
     ___     X      ____     =     _____     =   Volume water/Volume soil
     Ws                   Vt                 Vt

4.  No.   The %Mv in this case is 1.35 times larger than %Mw

5. A.  1.30 B.  2.60 C. 50%    D.  134.9 cm³ or 50%      E. 38.5%
 F.  17.0%    G.  13.3cm   H.  1300kg    I. 1801kg    J. 52.4ml
 K. 7days

Activity  X

3.    Describe how someone might use the information to better manage a water resourse.

Activity XI

3. a.  The water potential is (+) when the water has a potential for doing work. Standing water at grade has (0) potential for doing work. As the film of water around soil particles gets smaller, the potential energy value become negative or smaller. It will take energy or work to remove the water from the soil particles.

4. Sandy loam   5.5 ,     loam   11.2,        clay  12.8

5. Sandy loam 3 days   loam 6 days  clay 7 days

6. Example answer based on 2000 data. Eto = 22.72,  precip. = 5.39  (22.72-5.39) X 1.4   =  24 inches = 2 acre-feet
           or $64 for water to grow the crop. (Costs will vary from year to ear).

6. Gravimetric, Tensiometer, Electrical resistance, Neutron scatter and Gamma ray adsorption.
 

Activity XIII

1. 528 lbs water/lb alfalfa.

2. 198 pounds water

3. Use mulches and practice careful water management techniques, subirrigation, drip irrigation, and monitoring
water needs of crops.

4. About 85%
 

Activity XIV

1. 16,777,216 organisms

2. 3.12   X   10^⁷ microbes/gram of soil.

6. Endotrophic and Ectotrophic Fungi

7. 78 years

Activity XV

1. a.  20,000  to 100,000 pounds humus

 b.  766  to 3833 kg "N"/HFS

2. Only coffee, it requires only 27 pounds "N", oil palm requires 80 pounds, others much more.

3. a.  2880 b.  33.9 c.  112 d.  78

Activity XVI

1. There can be several factors responsible for the low use of applied nitrogen. Leach of "N" from the soil by water is a possible cause. Denitrification is another.

2. nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium

3. a. Mass Flow b. ??   c. Root Extension
  See pp 26 in the text.

4. 18.25 ¢/lb of fertilizer or 60.8 cents per pound of plant food.

5. $18, 800/ton for High Bloom or $31.33 per pound of nutrients

6. a. $3.65/pound "N" b. $188.00 per pound "N"

7. a. 12 - 0 - 0  b.  16.5 - 0 - 0   c.  82.4 - 0 - 0   d. 0 - 40.8 - 53.8

8. (24 ft  X  52 ft)/42560 ft2/ac.  =  0.029 ac.    14.32 pounds fertilizer
 per year.  Cost  =  $2.58

9. 46 - 0 - 0  608 pounds    NH3  340 pounds   Steer Manure 14,000 lbs
 
10. 16 - 20 - 0   supplies "N" at 61.25 cents per pound
 Steer manure supplies "N" at 90 cents per pound

Activity XVII

1. The soil holds 78 kg "K" and can supply enough "K" for the following  crops:  cotton, soybeans, rice, and coffee.

2. 1.7%      3.  71% 

4.  Irrigation water, weathering, and small amounts from fertilizers.

5. and 6.

7. Salt "sinks"  include deep leaching into the soil, river or stream disposal, salt ponds and large lakes, i.e. the Salton Sea.

8. a. barley grain 0% loss, b. wheat 0% loss, c. grape 10% loss, d. tomato 40% loss.